While a household's income is a key determinant of its standard of living, other aspects can prevent people from fully participating in society such as an impeded access to labour markets or material and social deprivation. To reflect these different dimensions of poverty or social exclusion, the indicator ‘Persons at risk of poverty or social exclusion’ measures the number of people affected by at least one of the following three forms of poverty or social exclusion: monetary poverty (at-risk-of-poverty rate), severe material and social deprivation and very low work intensity. Data are taken from the EU Statistics on Income and Living Conditions (EU-SILC).
This indicator corresponds to the sum of persons who are: at risk of poverty after social transfers, severely materially or socially deprived or living in households with very low work intensity. Persons are counted only once even if they are affected by more than one of these phenomena. The data is presented by degree of urbanisation. Based on the share of local population living in urban clusters and in urban centres, this typology classifies Local Administrative Units (LAU or communes) into three types of area: • Cities (densely populated areas) • Towns and suburbs (intermediate density areas) • Rural areas (thinly populated areas).
This indicator measures the number of people with an income below the at-risk-of-poverty threshold. The threshold is set at 60 % of the national median after social transfers. Data are taken from the EU Statistics on Income and Living Conditions (EU-SILC) and are based on equivalised disposable income.
People at risk-of-poverty are persons with an equivalised disposable income below the risk-of-poverty threshold, which is set at 60 % of the national median equivalised disposable income (after social transfers). The data is presented by citizenship, showing the shares for citizens of the reporting country and for non-EU citizens.
The indicator shows an enforced lack of necessary and desirable items to lead an adequate life. It is defined as the proportion of the population experiencing an enforced lack of at least 7 out of the following 13 deprivation items: (1) pay rent, utility bills, hire purchase instalments or other loan payments, (2) keep their home adequately warm, (3) face unexpected expenses, (4) eat meat, chicken, fish or vegetarian equivalent every second day, (5) have a week of holiday away from home, (6) have access to a car/van for personal use, (7) replace worn-out furniture, (8) replace worn-out clothes with some new ones, (9) have two pairs of properly fitting shoes, (10) spend a small amount of money each week on themselves (‘pocket money’), (11) have regular leisure activities, (12) get together with friends/family for a drink/meal at least once a month, and (13) have an internet connection. Items 1 to 7 relate to the household level, while the remaining items 8 to 13 relate to the level of the individual. Data are taken from the EU Statistics on Income and Living Conditions (EU-SILC).
This indicator describes the share of people aged less than 65 living in households where the working age adults, aged 18 to 64 years, worked equal to or less than 20 % of their total combined potential work-time during the previous year. It excludes students aged 18 to 24 and people who are retired according to their self-defined current economic status or who receive any pension (except survivors' pension), as well as people aged 60 to 64 who are inactive and live in a household where the main income comes from pensions (except survivors' pension). Data for this indicator are taken from the EU Statistics on Income and Living Conditions (EU-SILC).
The indicator measures the share of persons who are employed and have an income below the risk-of-poverty threshold, which is set at 60 % of the national median income (after social transfers). For the purpose of this indicator, an individual is considered as being employed if he/she was employed for more than half of the reference year. Data are taken from the EU Statistics on Income and Living Conditions (EU-SILC) and are based on equivalised disposable income.
The indicator measures the share of population living in households that spend 40 % or more of the household disposable income on housing ('net' of housing allowances). Housing costs include rental or mortgage interest payments but also the cost of utilities such as water, electricity, gas or heating. Data are taken from the EU Statistics on Income and Living Conditions (EU-SILC).
This indicator measures the share of the population aged 16 and over reporting unmet needs for medical care due to one of the following reasons: ‘financial reasons’, ‘waiting list’ and ‘too far to travel’. Self-reported unmet needs concern a person’s own assessment of whether they needed medical examination or treatment (dental care excluded) but did not have it or did not seek it. Since social norms and expectations may affect responses to questions about unmet care needs, caution is required when comparing differences in the reporting of unmet medical examination across countries. In addition, the different organisation of health care services is another factor to consider when analysing the data. Finally, there are also some variations in the survey questions across countries and across time. The data stem from the EU Statistics on Income and Living Conditions (EU-SILC).
The relative median at-risk-of-poverty gap helps to quantify how poor the poor are by showing the distance between the median income of people living below the poverty threshold and the threshold itself. The poverty threshold is set at 60 % of the national median income of all people in a country. It is aggregated for the EU as the population-weighted arithmetic average of national values. Data are taken from the EU Statistics on Income and Living Conditions (EU-SILC) and are based on equivalised disposable income.
Severe housing deprivation rate is defined as the percentage of population living in the dwelling which is considered as overcrowded, while also exhibiting at least one of the housing deprivation measures.
Housing deprivation is a measure of poor amenities and is calculated by referring to those households with a leaking roof, no bath/shower and no indoor toilet, or a dwelling considered too dark.