While a household's income is a key determinant of its standard of living, other aspects can prevent people from fully participating in society such as an impeded access to labour markets or material and social deprivation. To reflect these different dimensions of poverty or social exclusion, the indicator ‘Persons at risk of poverty or social exclusion’ measures the number of people affected by at least one of the following three forms of poverty or social exclusion: monetary poverty (at-risk-of-poverty rate), severe material and social deprivation and very low work intensity. Data are taken from the EU Statistics on Income and Living Conditions (EU-SILC).
The at-risk-of-poverty rate is the share of people with an equivalised disposable income (after social transfer) below the at-risk-of-poverty threshold, which is set at 60 % of the national median equivalised disposable income after social transfers. This indicator does not measure wealth or poverty, but low income in comparison to other residents in that country, which does not necessarily imply a low standard of living.
The at-risk-of-poverty threshold is set at 60 % of national median equivalised disposable income.
The material and social deprivation rate is an indicator in EU-SILC that expresses the inability to afford some items considered by most people to be desirable or even necessary to lead an adequate life. The indicator distinguishes between individuals who cannot afford a certain good or service, and those who do not have this good or service for another reason, e.g. because they do not want or do not need it. Severe material and social deprivation rate is defined as the enforced inability to pay for at least 7 out of 13 deprivation items.
The indicator is defined as the share of persons with an equivalised disposable income below the risk-of-poverty threshold in the current year and in at least two of the preceding three years. The threshold is set at 60 % of the national median equivalised disposable income.
The relative median at-risk-of-poverty gap helps to quantify how poor the poor are by showing the distance between the median income of people living below the poverty threshold and the threshold itself. The poverty threshold is set at 60 % of the national median income of all people in a country. It is aggregated for the EU as the population-weighted arithmetic average of national values. Data are taken from the EU Statistics on Income and Living Conditions (EU-SILC) and are based on equivalised disposable income.
The ratio of total income received by the 20 % of the population with the highest income (top quintile) to that received by the 20 % of the population with the lowest income (lowest quintile). Income must be understood as equivalised disposable income.
The sum of children (0-17) who are: at-risk-of-poverty or severely materially deprived or living in (quasi-)jobless households (i.e. households with very low work intensity (below 20%) as a share of the total population in the same age group.
Reduction in percentage of the risk of poverty rate, due to social transfers (calculated comparing at-risk-of poverty rates before social transfers with those after transfers; pensions are not considered as social transfers in these calculations). The indicator is based on the EU-SILC (statistics on income, social inclusion and living conditions).
Share of persons aged (0-59) with an equivalised disposable income below 60% of the national equivalised median income who live in households where working-age adults (18-59) work less than 20% of their total work potential during the past year.
Individuals (18-64) who are classified as employed according to their most frequent activity status and are at risk of poverty.
The long-term unemployment rate expresses the number of long-term unemployed aged 15-74 as a percentage of the active population of the same age. Long-term unemployed (12 months and more) comprise persons aged at least 15, who are not living in collective households, who will be without work during the next two weeks, who would be available to start work within the next two weeks and who are seeking work (have actively sought employment at some time during the previous four weeks or are not seeking a job because they have already found a job to start later). The total active population (labour force) is the total number of the employed and unemployed population. The duration of unemployment is defined as the duration of a search for a job or as the period of time since the last job was held (if this period is shorter than the duration of the search for a job). The indicator is based on the EU Labour Force Survey.
Early leavers from education and training refers to persons aged 18 to 24 fulfilling the following two conditions: first, the highest level of education or training attained is ISCED 0, 1, 2 or 3c short, second, respondents declared not having received any education or training in the four weeks preceding the survey (numerator). The denominator consists of the total population of the same age group, excluding no answers to the questions 'highest level of education or training attained' and 'participation to education and training'.
The youth unemployment ratio is the percentage of unemployed young people (i.e. people aged 15-24) in the total population of this age group. It gives an unemployment-to-population measure. The denominator used in this indicator consequently includes the employed, the unemployed but also the inactive young people.
The indicator on young people neither in employment nor in education and training (NEET) provides information on young people aged 15 to 24 who meet the following two conditions: (a) they are not employed (i.e. unemployed or inactive according to the International Labour Organisation definition) and (b) they have not received any education or training in the four weeks preceding the survey. Data are expressed as a percentage of the total population in the same age group and sex, excluding the respondents who have not answered the question 'participation to education and training'. Data come from the European Union Labour Force Survey.
The employment rate of older workers is calculated by dividing the number of persons in employment and aged 55 to 64 by the total population of the same age group. The indicator is based on the EU Labour Force Survey.
The sum of elderly (65+) who are: at-risk-of-poverty or severely materially deprived or living in (quasi-)jobless households (i.e. with very low work intensity) as a share of the total population in the same age group.
The indicator is defined as the ratio between the median equivalised disposable income of persons aged 65 or over and the median equivalised disposable income of persons aged between 0 and 64.
The aggregate replacement ratio is gross median individual pension income of the population aged 65–74 relative to gross median individual earnings from work of the population aged 55–64, excluding other social benefits.
Self-reported unmet needs for medical care concern a person’s own assessment of whether he or she needed examination or treatment for a specific type of health care, but did not have it or did not seek it because of the following three reasons: ‘Financial reasons’, ‘Waiting list’ and ‘Too far to travel’. Medical care refers to individual healthcare services (medical examination or treatment excluding dental care) provided by or under direct supervision of medical doctors or equivalent professions according to national healthcare systems. Data are collected from the European Statistics of Income and Living Condition survey and refer to such needs during the previous 12 months. Data are expressed as percentages within the population aged 16 years old and over living in private households.
Healthy life years (HLY) at 65 is a composite indicator that measures the number of remaining years that a person aged 65 is expected to live in a healthy condition. It is calculated separately for women and men by combining mortality data from Eurostat's demographic database with data on self-perceived activity limitations from the European Statistics of Income and Living Condition survey. A healthy conditions is defined by the absence of longstanding severe or moderate limitations in usual activities because of a health problem. Longstanding refers to a period of more than 6 months.
Healthy life years (HLY) at 65 is a composite indicator that measures the number of remaining years that a person aged 65 is expected to live in a healthy condition. It is calculated separately for women and men by combining mortality data from Eurostat's demographic database with data on self-perceived activity limitations from the European Statistics of Income and Living Condition survey. A healthy conditions is defined by the absence of longstanding severe or moderate limitations in usual activities because of a health problem. Longstanding refers to a period of more than 6 months.
Percentage of the population living in a household where total housing costs (net of housing allowances) represent more than 40% of the total disposable household income (net of housing allowances).